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September 17, 2024

Youth vaping has become a significant issue in UK schools. Recently conducted research from our partners at Zurich Municipal reveals that one in seven children have been caught vaping, and nearly half of those were under 11 years old.

The way that children acquire vapes raises many concerns, as (38%) of children that have been caught vaping have bought them from friends at school, which is the most common method. Other ways include taking them from family members (32%), buying them online (29%) or using fake ID to buy them in shops (22%).

38%

From Friends at School

32%

From Family Members

29%

Buy them Online

22%

Use a Fake ID

38%

From Friends at School

32%

From Family Members

29%

Buy Them Online

22%

Use a Fake ID in shops

*Due to multiple choice options, responses will not equate to 100%

A further fifth of children have found vapes in playgrounds or school toilets, underscoring how widespread the issue has become. Despite efforts by schools, only 20% of parents feel that there are adequate systems in place to detect vaping, leaving many concerned and looking to the upcoming Tobacco and Vape Bill for stricter regulations.

The rise of youth vaping is fuelled by various factors, including curiosity, peer pressure, and targeted marketing of colourful, sweet-flavoured disposable vapes. Research shows that children as young as eight are involved in buying and selling these devices on school grounds. Although some schools have taken steps to raise awareness and enforce stricter rules, many parents and teachers are still calling for stronger measures to protect children from the associated health and safety risks. As the government prepares to implement new legislation, the need for more comprehensive public awareness and school support is clear.

In response to the findings of Zurich Municipal’s research, Colin Stitt, Head of Safer Schools, said:

“This research is a stark warning: we must urgently safeguard our children and young people from the health risks and social harms of vaping. Banning sales and use is just the first step. We need far stronger action to curb the promotion of these products and restrict access to them, both online and offline.

We call on the government to take decisive action and urge educators, parents, carers, and community members to educate children about the risks of vaping. Open, honest, and non-judgemental conversations at home and school can dispel myths, empower young people to make informed choices, and minimise the influence of peers.”

Our online safety experts have taken a deeper look at youth vaping, including potential risks and helpful tips for parents, carers, and safeguarding professionals that will help them better understand this issue and how it might impact the young people in their care.

Vaping Fast Facts

Vapes come in many shapes and sizes. Some might even look like everyday items, such as pens or flash drives, and vary from disposable to refillable.
These ‘electronic cigarettes’ use a heated metal coil within a covering to create inhalable vapour from a liquid form of nicotine called ‘e-liquid’.
E-liquid (also called ‘e-juice’ or ‘vape juice’) is a formula composed of nicotine and other chemical ingredients.
While it is not without health risks, there is evidence that vaping is an effective way to help smokers quit when paired with expert face-to-face support, according to the NHS.
In January 2024, it was announced that disposable vapes will be banned in the UK following the UK government calling for evidence into youth vaping. Previously, officials in England announced a ‘swap to stop’ scheme for smokers to switch from cigarettes to vapes.
In America, popular vape brand Juul agreed to distribute $462 million (USD) after a lawsuit accused them of targeting under 18s with advertising, failing age verification laws, and allowing the illegal sale of (and exposure to) harmful chemicals that could cause cancer.

Official guidance from the NHS supports vaping as an effective method to aid smokers in quitting. The NHS does not recommend vaping as a recreational practice for anyone who is not already a smoker and emphasises that it should not be taken up by anyone under the age of 18.

Vaping in the UK

Ever since vapes were first introduced in the UK in 2005, their popularity has increased each year. Zurich Municipal found that one in seven children have been caught vaping, and that 48% of those children were under 11 years old. Additionally, 13% of UK parents believe their child vapes daily, raising concerns about the frequency of use among young people. 40% of parents surveyed support the upcoming Tobacco and Vape Bill, with 7% calling for a ban on flavoured vapes to curb youth vaping.

A big part of the encouragement towards vaping as an option for smokers looking to quit comes from e-liquid ingredients. While vapes still contain nicotine and other chemicals, they do not contain tobacco or produce tar or carbon monoxide like standard cigarettes. This has led many to claim that vaping is ‘harmless’.

As one healthcare professional said,

“If you’ve got something very dangerous and something much less dangerous, it doesn’t mean it’s harmless.”

Nicotine is still an addictive substance, even in small doses, and is particularly harmful to the brain development of young people under the age of 25.

The UK has strict laws around the amount of nicotine allowed to be in e-liquid, as well as how many puffs a vape can carry. Many countries have banned vapes from being used or sold, such as India, Mexico, and Thailand. Other countries, like Canada, America, and the UK have instead begun to shift their focus towards the prevention of youth vaping, while keeping it legal for anyone over the age of 18 and providing strict regulations and rules.

Why do young people vape?

Leading healthcare professionals, including Dr Penelope Toff, chair of the BMA’s public health medicine committee, have described vape use by young people as a “serious public health threat”. In some areas across the UK it is becoming increasingly common, with some students even claiming it is “peculiar not to vape.” There are many reasons why young people might decide to start vaping, including:

Curiosity

As vaping has become a more visible part of popular culture, young people might be more inclined to experiment and try it out. In fact, 54% of young people who have used a vape said curiosity was their reason for trying it. As with other addictive substances like alcohol and tobacco, restrictions and the ‘illegal’ or secretive measure associated with purchasing vapes could feed into their curiosity, especially if they are being told not to do it by adults.

Peer pressure

With young people, we know that if their friends are doing something, they are more likely to feel pressure to join in instead of being left out. This means they could start vaping because they want to ‘fit in’ with a certain group at school, because they don’t want to be excluded from an experience, or because they mistakenly believe that “everyone is doing it.”

Targeted marketing

A study by Nicotine & Tobacco Research found that the colourful design of vape packaging and enticing flavour options were far more appealing to young people than plainer ‘non-branded’ alternatives. Bright colours and playful names like ‘Cherry Cola’ and ‘Blue Raspberry Ice’ might even draw similarities to common shop treats such as slushies and sweets, especially when they are side-by-side in a local shop. This comparison makes vapes more appealing to children and young people as they look ‘fun’ and like a ‘treat’ instead of dangerous or addictive, which is aided by the prominence of vape shops and adverts (despite UK branding regulations).

Inexpensive

When compared to cigarette smoking, vaping is more financially viable for people within all income brackets. While the initial cost of a starter kit might be more of an ‘investment’ (between £15-£45), most vape refills and disposable vapes are less expensive than a McDonalds meal and can be used for up to ‘1000 puffs.’ To compare, the average price of a single e-liquid or disposable vape is £4 and the average price of a pack of 20 cigarettes is £14. There is no indication of the prices for items that are sold to under 18s illegally. However, most common place young people got their vapes from in 2023 was shops, (including off-licenses and petrol stations).

“For the first time this year, most children wrongly believe that vaping is about the same or more harmful than smoking. This includes nearly half those who have tried vaping, so believing vaping is harmful does not appear to be putting children off trying vaping.”
Source: Action on Smoking and Health (ASH)

Family or friends

Next to shops, the most common way young people received their vapes was as a gift from a family member or friend. A study by ASH estimates over 4.7 million UK adults are vape users. If young people are in an environment that has normalised smoking or vaping, they could be more likely to take an interest in it. Some parents or carers have even reported buying e-liquids for the young people in their care to stop them from seeking out black markets or dealers, which could contain unexpected and/or harmful ingredients or percentages of nicotine.

The influence of social media

A growing concern is the influence of social media on youth vaping within the UK, with ASH reporting that 7.6% of 11-17-year-olds who vape got them online. This can include platforms like Amazon and eBay, which don’t always have the same age verifications or restrictions in place and could involve using a parent or carer’s account/credit card details. There are reports of UK-based TikTok, Snapchat, and Instagram accounts selling vapes without ID verification and using more ‘unnoticeable’ forms of online payment like PayPal or bank transfers. Some of these accounts even offer ‘discreet packaging’ or direct delivery to home addresses and schools for those who want to hide the products from parents or carers, and very specifically angle their promotion to underaged users.

Our researchers were unable to find these accounts and posts on social media platforms. Instead, we discovered that searching for ‘vape’ or ‘v@pe’ brings up mostly amusing or encouraging posts that are aimed at young people quitting their vaping habit and highlighting how dangerous it is. Searching for ‘vape shop’ brought up accounts from legitimate stores that warned they would not sell to underage users. However, we also found supportive youth vaping communities that were not age restricted for young people to join and discuss new mechanisms and flavours.

The overwhelming concern about the link between social media and youth vaping comes from the platform algorithms. Despite insisting they prohibit any content that promotes the sale of vaping products, the algorithms mean platforms can recommend accounts, pages, and posts that have not been flagged for moderation, potentially leading to online vape shops or dealers. This can create a persistent online environment for young people that feeds into the desire to vape (or try vaping) in their offline life.

Risks

Youth vaping rates are rapidly on the rise in the UK, with research from ASH UK showing that the number of young people who vape is growing by 50% year on year, changing from 1 in 13 to 1 in 9. There are multiple risks that are associated with youth vaping, including:

Risks

Access and Distribution at School

Schools are becoming a primary point of access for vapes, with two-fifths of children buying vapes from friends and children as young as eight involved in the buying and selling of disposable vapes.

Addiction

Most vapes contain nicotine, even in the smallest form (and sometimes even if they claim to be ‘nicotine free’). This can be addictive to a young person, most especially if they have never smoked cigarettes.

Development issues

Research has shown that nicotine can have disastrous effects on the healthy development of the adolescent brain (up to the age of 25), specifically parts that control attention, learning, and impulses.

Health concerns

As vaping is still relatively new within the last 20 years, studies are still being done on the potential long-term impact vaping can have physically and mentally, especially on lung health. This means young people could be harming their future health.

Loss of focus

A study by NASUWT found that teachers have noticed an increase in their students struggling to concentrate in class due to use of nicotine (35%), while others reported students repeatedly leaving lessons to vape (54%).

Grooming behaviours

Older young people or adults may use a young person’s interest in vaping to convince them into inappropriate, sexual, or illegal behaviour (e.g. county lines) in exchange for vapes.

Gateway behaviour

As vaping mimics the action associated with cigarettes (inhaling smoke/vapour), research suggests it could encourage young people to experiment with other tobacco products.

Secondary sellers

Secondary sellers. It is illegal for retail shops in the UK to sell vapes and e-liquid to under 18s. This increases the potential for young people to seek out black market dealers or potential ‘vape dealers’ online, which could expose them to potentially harmful stranger interactions or county lines manipulation.

Disposal

A growing concern is the fire risk posed by disposable vapes, which contain lithium-ion batteries that can ignite if not stored or disposed of properly.

Red flags

Vaping can be a lot more discrete than smoking, and may be happening without a parent, carer, or teacher noticing it. There are various signs to be aware of with youth vaping, such as:

An unexplained cough, wheeze, or shortness of breath.
Empty disposable vapes, plastic cartridges, containers, or bottles.
Irritable behaviour if unable to go outside or have a break every few hours.
Sudden moods swings, frustrations, paranoia, or anxiety.
Lingering scents that are fruity or sweet smelling.

The digital world is 24/7; it’s outside and inside of the school gates, so you need a service that does the same. Safer Schools is a digital library of age-appropriate safeguarding resources that you can check out anytime, from your phone to your computer to your classroom.

Find out more here!

Our Safer Schools

Top Tips

If a child or young person in your care is vaping and you are concerned, speak to a healthcare professional.

Be observant. Keep an eye on a young person’s behaviour. It’s also helpful to know who they hang out with and if vaping is a regular part of hang outs.
Don’t panic. If you discover a young person in your care is vaping or has tried it, it is important to approach them calmly and avoid confrontation.
Ask questions. Make sure you get your facts straight by asking questions, such as, “Have you ever tried vaping?” or “What do you like about vaping?”
Listen to them. Rather than reacting in anger or disappointment, put your focus on them and give them space to open up to you without judgement.
Talk it out. Sharing useful facts and resources with them might help you explain your concerns, while allowing you to talk about negative influences.
Use safety settings. Make sure the correct privacy and safety settings are working on your young person’s online accounts, including safety filters.
Lead by example. It’s important to outline the difference between those who vape to help quit smoking and those who vape recreationally – including yourself and any other adults they may know. If you vape, do what you can to avoid vaping in front of the young person, and make sure to answer any questions they may have.
Check Your Child’s School Policy. Find out what your child’s school is doing to prevent vaping. Ask about their rules and if they educate students on the risks. Engaging with the school can help you stay aware of what’s being done to tackle the issue.